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Human Skeletal Remains
by Kristin A. Kuckelman and Debra L. Martin
Table 12. Skeletal Deformation, Osteoarthritis, and Cultural Modification, Sand Canyon Pueblo
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HRO
Artificial Cranial Deformation
Burning
Osteoarthritis
Antemortem Fracturesa
Perimortem Fracturesb
Antemortem or Perimortem Fractures
Perimortem Abrasions/Cut Marks
Perimortem or Postmortem Fracturesc
1
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
2
lambdoidal
a
present
one depression, left parietal
one depression, parietal and frontal
a
a
a
3
occipital
a
a
two depressions, right and left parietals; one depression, left occipital
a
a
a
a
4a
na
a
a
a
spirals form upper edge of facial fragment; green breakage, left parietal
a
a
a
4b
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
5
na
high-temperature burning
a
a
a
a
a
a
6
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
7
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
8
und
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
9
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
10
occipital
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
11
occipital
a
a
two depressions, left parietal
crushing, base of skull
seven teeth broken off; part of nose broken off
12
occipital
a
a
a
a
a
a
depressions, right femur
13
occipital
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
14
occipital
partial, right side
present
a
a
a
a
a
15
und
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
16
und
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
17
presentd
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
18
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
19
na
a
a
a
one depression, left and right occipitals; multiple radiating cracks, adherent flakes, and areas of internal vault release on skull; spiral fracture of right tibia
a
two sets, left humerus; one set, left clavicle; four sets, left frontal
a
20
lambdoidal
a
a
one depression, left frontal
one depression, right occipital; one depression, left occipital; one depression, right parietal; fracture with adherent flakes, left os coxa
two depressions, right parietal
two sets, left os coxa
a
21
ae
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
22
lambdoidal
a
a
a
one depression, left parietal
a
four sets, right frontal; one set, left parietal
a
23
na
a
present
a
a
a
a
a
24
occipital
a
present
a
multiple spirals, left femur and several leg bone fragments; one spiral each—right tibia, left tibia, right fibula
a
a
a
25
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
26/27
und
a
present
a
a
a
a
a
28
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
29
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
30
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
31
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
32
na
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Isolated remains, adult (PD 132, FS 36)
na
a
na
a
one depression, frontal
a
one set, frontal
a
Isolated remains (PD 155, FS 5)
na
a
a
a
spirals, left tibia
a
one set, right ulna
a
HRO = Human Remains Occurrence; a = absent on bones that were observable; na = not applicable (observation of this characteristic was not possible); und = undetermined (observation of this characteristic was possible but not recorded); PD = Provenience Designation; FS = Field Specimen.
a Antemortem damage occurred before death; evidence of healing observed.
b Perimortem damage occurred around the time death; no evidence of healing observed.
c Damage that could have occurred either perimortem or postmortem—it was not possible to determine which (damage that is known to have occurred postmortem is not included in this table).
d Type undetermined.
e Probably absent as a result of craniosynostosis.<
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